Edward J. Bridge, «Self-Abasement as an Expression of Thanks in the Hebrew Bible», Vol. 92 (2011) 255-273
Self-abasement is commonly used in the Hebrew Bible to express thanks, especially in narrative texts. Using aspects of politeness theory, it is found that, by using self-abasement, a speaker accepts a loss of face and so avoids indebtedness to the hearer, but at the same time increases the hearer’s face by showing how gracious he was to favourably treat the speaker. It is a form of deference, a use of language that increases social distance between hearer and speaker. However, when self-abasement is also used to express thanks to God, avoidance of indebtedness is not in focus, rather God’s magnanimity. In prayer, self-abasement is also used to motivate God to grant the request.
270 EDWARD J. BRIDGE
David’s question refers back to his childhood as an unknown
person in Bethlehem 39, and is counterfactual to his situation: he is
the king, and has just received a promise of an enduring dynasty. In
similar fashion to people expressing thanks to other people, David
does not express indebtedness to God. In effect, David speaks to
YHWH as though YHWH was a person (distances himself from ob-
ligation to YHWH), but loyalty and obligation to YHWH have already
been narrated as occurring. David speaks as a pious individual.
In Gen 32,10-13 [9-12], when Jacob prays for deliverance from
Esau, he says:
“ I am not worthy [wfq] of the least of all the steadfast love [dsj]
and from all the faithfulness that you have shown to your servant.â€
(v. 11[10])
dsj refers to Jacob’s wealth which he gained while working for
Laban, which he has already acknowledged as being given to him
by God (31,5-13). –fq (literally, “smallâ€) carries the self-abasement.
This is counterfactual to Jacob’s present situation of wealth
(30,43), head of a huge household (including servants/slaves) and
equal to Laban (proved by the dialogue in 31,26-42). With –fq,
Jacob reduces his “standing†before God and so highlights God as
generous : God has favoured someone who is of no importance, a
metaphorical import of wfq, and the basis of the NRSV’s translation
of wfq as “unworthyâ€. However, the metaphorical meaning of wfq,
“ unworthy â€, also alludes to his cheating Esau of the eldest son’s
blessing (ch 27), the point of his elaborate preparations in Gen 32
to meet Esau, and the main topic of conversation once he meets
him (33,1-17). Thus there is a play on –fq: it is counterfactual to
Jacob’s present status, but factual to his situation of having cheated
Esau. Jacob’s self-abasement also prepares for his request of
v. 12[11] to be delivered from Esau; so not only does it express
thanks, but it is also part of his strategy to motivate God to answer
favourably 40. Jacob’s strategy is that God continue his generosity
to him by delivering him from Esau. Jacob, like David in 2 Sam
7,18, does not express obligation to God, but he has already done
Cf. 1 Sam 18,18.23 where David uses the same self-abasement to reject
39
Saul’s offer of marriage into the royal family.
Cf. the use of Èdb[ “ your servant†in Psalms (BRIDGE, “Loyaltyâ€,
40
368-374).