Jerome H. Neyrey, «"First", "Only", "One of a Few", and "No One Else". The Rhetoric of Uniqueness and the Doxologies in 1 Timothy», Vol. 86 (2005) 59-87
The distinctive way of honoring gods or God was to celebrate
what is unique about them, that is, praise of persons who were the "first",
"only", or "one of a few" to do something. Rhetoric from Aristotle to Quintilian
expounded the theory of "uniqueness", which the authors of Greek hymns and
prayers employed. One finds a Semitic counterpart in the "principle of
incomparability" describing Israelite kings. "Uniqueness" pervades the New
Testament, especially its doxologies. In them, "uniqueness" was richly expressed
in rhetorical mode, as well as by predicates of negative theology which elevated
the deity above those praising.
“Firstâ€, “Onlyâ€, “One of a Fewâ€, and “No One Else†71
uniqueness; rather, the idioms in most cases are Hebrew thought
patterns put into passable Greek.
5. Miscellaneous Instances of Uniqueness in the New Testament
a) Only (movno")
Christian authors generally declare God’s uniqueness with some
form of “only†or “alone†(movno"). In his temptations, Jesus affirms
exclusive loyalty to God: “You shall worship the Lord your God, and
him alone (movno") you shall serve†(Matt 4,10/Luke 4,8; Deut
6,13).Similarly, Jesus rebukes his audience for seeking the approval
of its peers and “not seeking the glory that comes from the only God
(monou qeou')†(John 5,44; see 17,3). Jesus makes a striking confession
v
about the unknowability of the coming of the end time: “But of that
day and hour, no one (oujdeiv") knows, not even the angels in heaven,
nor the Son, but the Father only (movno")†(Matt 24:36). Thus God
alone enjoys unique knowledge and does not share it with heavenly
messengers or earthly messiahs (33).
We find expressions of God’s exclusivity in doxologies such as the
one that ends the letter to the Romans: “... to the only wise (movnw/
sofw'/) God be glory for evermore! Amen†(Rom 16,27) (34). This
unique wisdom of God summarizes the thrust of the whole doxology:
“revelation of the mystery which was kept secret for long ages, but is
now disclosed†(16,25-26). Thus to “the only wise God†is glory due
for the uniqueness of “wisdom†now revealed.
Mark and Luke record the controversy between some Scribes and
Jesus over his declaration of forgiveness of sins. In their eyes Jesus
“blasphemes†or dishonors God by encroaching upon God’s unique
prerogative: “Who can forgive sins but God alone?†(eij mh; ei|" oJ qeov",
Mark 2,7) or “Who can forgive sins but God only?†(eij mh; movno" oJ
qeov", Luke 5,21). But God gave Jesus this power, so he in no way
diminishes God’s uniqueness.
b) One (ei|")
Another traditional term, “one†(ei|"), expresses God’s exclusivity.
Mark narrates a remark by Jesus about the “first†law, in which Jesus
(33) For example: “the only High One (movno" u{yisto") ... the only finder
(movno" euJrethvn) ... the only God (oJ qeo;" movno")†(1 Clement 59.3).
(34) See J. DUPONT, “Movnw/ Sofw'/ Qew'/â€, EThL 22 (1964) 362-375; E. NORDEN,
Agnostos Theos (Darmstadt 1956), 240-251.