David I. Yoon, «Prominence and Markedness in New Testament Discourse.», Vol. 26 (2013) 3-26
Paul's testimony of his post-conversion experience in Galatians—the only place in the New Testament this is found—is the starting point for the rest of his polemic against his opponents who avert the gospel he first taught his readers. What is interesting is that he highlights or emphasizes certain portions of his testimony, using the linguistic method of prominence. As others have written already, prominence in Hellenistic Greek is conveyed in many ways, but one major way is by the writer's choice of verbal aspect. By first identifying a theory of prominence in the Greek of the New Testament, the paper then applies that theory to Gal 1:11–2:10 to discover that Paul emphasizes preaching and gospel related items in his testimony.
Prominence and Markedness in New Testament Discourse 23
with Peter, who was entrusted with the gospel to the circumcised.
Paul continues the discourse in v. 8, going back to background
when he discusses a bit more in detail regarding Peter’s ministry; two
present tense-forms (ἐνεργήσας and ἐνήργησεν) are used to discuss the
working of God through both of them. The next verse (v. 9) provides
more background material, as Paul asserts that the pillars of the faith,
James, Cephas (Peter), and John recognized his responsibility. Three
aorist tense-forms (perfective aspect) are used: γνόντες, δοθεῖσαν, and
ἔδωκαν. A present tense-form (δοκοῦντες) is used to describe the three
apostles—they are “reputed” to be pillars—to emphasize their standing
in the community. The discourse ends in v. 10, with one final statement:
that the apostles wanted them to “remember” (μνημονεύωμεν) the poor,
using a present tense-form (imperfective aspect) for another emphasis.
He concludes that he was eager to do this, using two aorist tense-forms
(perfective aspect), ἐσπούδασα and ποιῆσαι.
2) Mood. The first possible instance of a non-indicative mood-form
in this section is at 2,2. This was the interesting repetition of the same
lexeme in different forms (τρέχω and ἔδραμον) mentioned in the above
section. They differ aspectually (imperfective and perfective), but some
may argue that they differ in mood as well. The indicative and the
subjunctive mood-forms of τρέχω are identical, so the mood must be
decided contextually. In any case, because the mood-form of τρέχω is
debatable, no firm conclusion regarding its prominence will be made here
(it is probably likely that the mood for τρέχω is indicative anyways). The
more significant factor appears to be the different aspects that are used
by Paul for the same word in such close proximity.
Another subjunctive mood-form occurs in v. 5, when Paul discusses
that they did not yield to the false brothers trying to sway them; in order
that the truth of the gospel would remain with them (διαμείνῃ). As in the
previous occurrence of a subjunctive, this occurs in a purpose clause (ἵνα
ἡ ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου διαμείνῃ), so the subjunctive is typical here.
The section ends with a final subjunctive mood-form, when Paul speaks
of his commission to preach the gospel to the uncircumcised, that they
were requested to remember the poor (μνημονεύωμεν). However, this
occurs again in a purpose clause (ἵνα μνημονεύωμεν), so the subjunctive
is expected again. Thus, I conclude that there is no prominence indicated
in this section as well, as far as mood-forms go.
3) Voice. The first occurrence of a non-active mood-form is found
in v. 2. This verb, ἀνεθέμην, is in the middle voice-form, and is, again,
related to the declaring of the gospel (τὸ εὐαγγέλιον is the direct object
of ἀνεθέμην). Paul’s emphasis on words related to εὐαγγέλιον is apparent
so far. The next set of non-active mood-forms occurs in v. 3, regarding