The Greek Verbal Network Viewed from a Probabilistic Standpoint 7 his syntax of the Greek New Testament, but it has been shown that a number of his statistics and analyses are in fact wrong 20. The one area of New Testament studies where numerical methods have been used has been in stylistic studies. The standard New Testament Greek reference grammars contain references to stylistic features, and often include some numerical figures for specific linguistic elements. The most comprehensive work of this kind is Turner’s Style, which «com- pletes» the grammar started by Moulton 21. In his treatment of the stylistic features of the New Testament documents and comparisons of different books, Turner includes counts of vocabulary and grammatical items. A more specific branch of stylistics, sometimes referred to as stylometrics, is concerned to describe the stylistic features of a given author, often with the application of these findings to determine the authorship of dispu- ted documents. Here linguistic features, such as word frequency (parti- cularly the number of hapax legomena), word-order, the number and position of grammatical words (such as kaiv), and other similar factors are counted and compared for the documents under investigation. A number of early stylometric studies argued for non-Pauline authorship of the Pastoral Epistles from the fact that they contain a higher number of hapax legomena than the main Pauline epistles 22. Recent studies have argued in the opposite direction, however 23. One must simply note here, however, that for most of these studies, as currently undertaken, the sam- ple sizes do not allow for the kinds of analyses made, and clearly not for the certainty of conclusions that are often drawn 24. During the past two decades, as already noted above, there has been a gradual re-emergence of numerical linguistic studies, and the question- 20 See G.H.R. Horsley, New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity. V. Linguistic Essays (New South Wales: Macquarie University, The Ancient History Documentary Research Centre, 1989), pp. 49-65, esp. pp. 52-55. 21 N. Turner, A Grammar of New Testament Greek. IV. Style (Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1976). In volumes 3 and 4, Turner took Moulton’s grammar in a very different direction than was originally conceived by Moulton (see n. 17 above), arguing for a Semitized Greek, over the Greek of the New Testament being that of the koine. Schmidt, in his overview of the history of Hellenistic Greek grammar, refers to Turner’s contribution to Moulton’s grammar as «a definite linguistic regression» (Schmidt, Hellenistic Greek Grammar and Noam Chomsky, p. 9). See also A.B. Spencer, Paul’s Literary Style: A Stylistic and Historical Comparison of II Corinthians 11:16–12:13, Romans 8:9-39, and Philippians 3:2–4:13 (Lanham: University Press of America, 1998). 22 A.Q. Morton and J. McLeman, Paul, the Man and the Myth: A Study in the Authorship of Greek Prose (New York: Harper & Row, 1966). 23 See A. Kenny, A Stylometric Study of the New Testament (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986). 24 For a critical survey and linguistic evaluation of such studies, see M.B. O’Donnell, «Linguistic Fingerprints or Style by Numbers? The Use of Statistics in the Determination of Authorship of New Testament Documents», in S.E. Porter and D.A. Carson (eds.), Linguistics and the New Testament: Critical Junctures ( JSNTSup, 168; SNTG, 5; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1999), pp. 206-62.