124 GreGory r. LANIer • Attributively, modifying qeo,j/ku,rioj (e.g., Gen 14,18, h=n de. i`ereu.j tou/ qeou/ tou/ u`yi,stou). Heavens or the heavenly realm, referring to the “heights of heaven” or simply “the highest”/“the heights” with the heavenly realm as the implied (or explicit) referent; for u[yistoj, note that the plural is often used (e.g., Isa 38,14, evxe,lipon ga,r mou oi` ovfqalmoi. tou/ ble,pein eivj to. u[yoj tou/ ouvranou/; Job 25,2, o` poiw/n th.n su,mpasan evn u`yi,stw|). the results of this analysis, excluding the verse in question, are summa- rized in the following table: u[yoj u[yistoj Semantic category LXX otP Ph/Jo Nt LXX otP Ph/Jo Nt Height measurement 43 18 93 2 - - - - High(est) point 15 4 25 - 1 - - - exaltation/pride/glory 24 2 24 1 - - - - God himself Substantive - - - - 71 25 6 5 Attributive - - - - 35 57 8 5 Heavens/heavenly realm 17 8 10 2 8 5 - 4 total 99 32 152 5 115 87 14 14 While the task of categorization can, of course, be debated in certain cases — i.e., a clear differentiation between an abstract “most high place” and “the heavens” is not always attainable — the tabulated results demonstrate quite clearly the significant semantic difference between the two words. In the data set, there are no clear instances where u[yoj/u[youj refers to God himself 13. on the other hand, over 90% of occurrences of u[yistoj do just that, closely reflecting extra-biblical use 14. furthermore, if we focus on the six LXX instances of u[yoj that occur in precisely the form in question (evx u[youj), we observe that each refers to an action done by God that originates or comes out of the heavenly realm: 13 bertram argues that u[yoj “may be a substitute for God”, but he provides no examples that support that claim (TDNT 8, 603). His claim that Ps 72,8 LXX is equivalent to “against the Most High, i.e., God”, is unpersuasive, for in context the translator is paralleling avdiki,an eivj to. u[yoj evla,lhsan in v. 8 with e;qento eivj ouvrano.n to. sto,ma auvtw/n in v. 9a and with h` glw/ssa auvtw/n dih/lqen evpi. th/j gh/j in v. 9b. 14 the phrase “Most High zeus” is well attested in Greek writings (e.g., Zhno.j u`yi,stou in Sophocles; u[yiston Di,a in Aeschylus; Dio.j u`yi,stou in Pindar; u[yiste qew/n in Aelian). Some works also use u[yistoj for “highest/greatest” (Pindar Isth. 1.1; Aesch. Pers. 331; Suppl. 479), but rarely for heaven.