Chris Keith, «'In My Own Hand': Grapho-Literacy and the Apostle Paul», Vol. 89 (2008) 39-58
Recent research in the school papyri of Egypt, especially Oxyrhychus, has illuminated our understanding of the pedagogical process in the Greco-Roman world. Particularly interesting in this respect is the acquisition and social function of grapho-literacy (i.e., the ability to compose writing). Since few were literate, and of those few, fewer could read than could write, understanding how one gained grapho-literacy, who gained grapho-literacy, and how that literacy was employed in day to day life shines new light on passages such as 1 Cor 16,21, Gal 6,11, Col 4,18, 2 Thess 3,17, and Phlm 19. In these passages, Paul draws attention
to the fact that he has personally written in the text. This paper will argue that these passages are not merely interesting asides, but rather significantly heighten the
rhetorical force of the text. They draw attention not only to Paul’s grapho-literacy, but also to his ability to avoid using it.
44 Chris Keith
Matera observes, “There is general agreement among commentators
that the reference to Paul’s large letters does not refer to their
misshapen appearance, as Chrysostom thought, but simply to their
size†(26). Perhaps one should conclude that Paul’s “big letters†serve as
emphasis without specifying the precise nature of the emphasis. One
should not disregard entirely, however, that the paucity of extant Greek
writing that actually comes from the hand of Paul could suggest that his
was an unpracticed hand, whether his “big letters†are a result of that
fact or not. Importantly, the following argument is not dependent on
one interpretation of Paul’s “big letters†in Gal 6,11 over another, and
will offer another explanation for why little of Paul’s own handwriting
remains. The present study now turns from the significance of Paul’s
“big letters†to the significance of Paul writing in the first place.
2. Previous Assessments of Paul Writing in His Epistles
Scholars have accounted for the appearance of Paul’s own
handwriting in a number of ways (which are not mutually exclusive).
Some remark that Paul is adding a personal touch to the greeting of the
epistle (27). Others see Paul as conforming to the epistolary norm of
signing one’s name at the end of the epistle (28). Commenting on the
addition of autographs to Greco-Roman friendship letters, Stowers
combines these options:
This practice was like adding a signature to a typed letter. The apostle
Paul does the same at the close of some letters in order to provide a
personal touch (29).
Normally with reference to 2 Thess 3,17, some scholars suggest
that Paul indeed signed his epistles as part of an epistolary norm, but
(26) F.J. MATERA, Galatians (Sacra Pagina 9; Collegeville, PA 1992) 229.
(27) M.M. THOMPSON, Colossians and Philemon (Two Horizons; Grand
Rapids, MI 2005) 109.
(28) R.F. COLLINS, “ ‘I Command That This Letter Be Read’: Writing as a
Manner of Speakingâ€, in The Thessalonians Debate. Methodological Discord or
Methodological Synthesis (eds. K.P. DONFRIED – J. BEUTLER) (Grand Rapids, MI
2000) 329; R.Y.K. FUNG, The Epistle to the Galatians (NICNT; Grand Rapids, MI
1988) 301; GEORGE, Galatians, 430; LOHSE, Colossians and Philemon, 177. Cf. also
A. ROBERTSON – A. PLUMMER, A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First
Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians (ICC; Edinburgh 1911) 400, who mentions
this epistolary practice but also thinks the signature would have authenticated the
epistle since “the apostle’s handwriting would be known at Corinthâ€.
(29) S.K. STOWERS, Letter Writing in Greco-Roman Antiquity (LEC 5;
Philadelphia, PA 1986) 61.