“He Filled Zion with Justice and Righteousness” 481 v. 4. Paronomasia is a significant literary device in v. 1, but also in v. 4 (πS'au / πs,ao; qV'm'K] / qqe/v). V. 4 predicts the reversal of fortunes for the destroyer (18), as v. 1 did. The booty which the enemy had gathered will be given to its destroyers. As the enemy of Judah is pictured as a locust, so its destroyers also take on this appearance (19). To conclude, arguments derived from the content and literary form of vv. 1 and 4 suggest that these verses formed an earlier layer in the prophecy. The two verses were detached from each other, and a short prayer was inserted between them (vv. 2-3). The prayer, which also looks forward to the destruction of the enemy, apparently reflects on the text of the earlier ywh-prophecy, and implores YHWH to fulfil the promise of deliverance that 33,1+4 predicted on a former occasion. There is another shift in Isa 33,5. This verse speaks about God in the 3rd pers.: “YHWH is exalted for he dwells on high. He filled Zion with justice and righteousness”. Scholars usually connect this verse with the previous pericope, arguing that vv. 5-6 must represent the motif of confidence (Vertrauensmotif) of communal laments which Isa 33,1-6 supposedly imitates (20). The problem with this view is that v. 3 has already expressed the confidence of the praying community. The logical discontinuity between vv. 3, 4 and 5, questions that vv. 3-5 would have the same literary function. As for the meaning of v. 5, the participles bgcn and ˆkv describe actions already evident to the author. The exaltation of YHWH is manifested in the circumstances (21). That circumstance is the fulfilment of Zion with justice and righteousness. The word pair fpvm hqdxw has clear juridical connotations and is often mentioned in connection with the activity of the king as the representative of jurisdiction (22). This also corresponds well with the exaltation of (18) Cf. KAISER, Jesaja, 272. (19) See Jer 51,14; Nah 3,15-17. Cf. also Nah 2 with Joe 1-2. VERMEYLEN, Isaïe, I, 430, also argued that vv. 3-4 are secondary comments on v. 1, but his connection of vv. 3-4 and his independent derivation of v. 1 are problematic. (20) Cf. WILDBERGER, Jesaja, 1286; KUSTÁR, Krankheit, 82. VERMEYLEN, Isaïe, I, 430, considers vv. 5-6a the oracular answer to v. 2. (21) Cf. J.A. ALEXANDER, Commentary on Isaiah (repr. Grand Rapids, MI 1992) II, 8; E.J. YOUNG, The Book of Isaiah (Grand Rapids, MI 1969) II, 408. (22) 2 Sam 8,15; 1 Kgs 10,9; Ps 72,1; Isa 1,26 [cf. v. 25]; 9,6; Jer 22,15; 23,5; 33,15. In case it is used in a religious sense, this also means obedience to the law of God, often related to social justice (Gen 18,19; Deut 33,21; Ps 106,3; Isa 5,7; 28,17; 56,1; 58,2; Jer 22,3; Ezek 18,5.19).