Michael L. Barré, «Yahweh Gears Up for Battle: Habakkuk 3,9a», Vol. 87 (2006) 75-84
Hab 3,9a has proven to be a troublesome text, most of the difficulties stemming
from the second colon, especially the last word, rm). The proposal argued here is
that this reading results from a well attested scribal error. The original reading was
rmeT;rm't@f, the Hiphil 2nd masculine singular yiqtol form of the verb rrm, 'to be bitter'.
In this context it means 'to make bitter', specifically 'to poison (weapons) with
serpent’s gall'. The connection of this root with '(serpent’s) poison' is well
documented in a number of Semitic languages, and poisoning projectiles to make
them especially deadly is well known in the ancient world. The Akkadian cognate
appears in the Mari texts with reference to poisoning weapons. Hab 3,9a portrays
YHWH as withdrawing his bow and poisoning his arrows as part of his
preparation for battle with the powers of chaos.
78 Michael L. Barré
Both of the derivations mentioned above read t[bç in our passage and
parse it as a verb. But there is no certainty that it is a verb here; hypothetically
rma at the end of v. 9a could be the predicate in this colon. I agree with the LXX
and a number of recent interpreters who take t[bç rather as t['b]vi, the feminine
construct form of the numeral “seven†(21). Admittedly there is a problem with
the form of the numeral here. In Hebrew numerals from one through ten, the
feminine numeral is used with a masculine noun and vice-versa. Exceptions are
rare, but three that are commonly noted also involve a feminine construct
numeral preceding a feminine plural form: Gen 7,13; 1 Sam 10,3; Job 1,4 (22).
Hence, although this usage is unusual it is not impossible; in general, unusual
usages are more common in poetry than in prose.
The next word, t/Fm', is the least controversial term in this colon. In this
context, in parallelism with ˚tvq, it is unlikely that it denotes a “staff†or a
“tribe†but rather some kind of weapon. The question here is whether the
weapon in question is a mace or an arrow. The former interpretation is based
on Akkadian mit≤t≤u (“maceâ€), which appears frequently in Akkadian literature
as a divine weapon (23). But there appears to be no OT passage in which the
Hebrew term must be translated “maceâ€. The most likely interpretation of
t/Fm' in Hab 3,9a is that it is a rare, poetic term for arrows. This interpretation
finds support in the parallelism of Ugaritic qπth with mt≤m in KTU 1.3 II 15-
16, where the same weapons are mentioned, and where they are likewise
those of a deity (Anat). Finally, Hiebert offers two further plausible reasons
why “arrows†is the better option here.
The divine warrior is never pictured as carrying more than one mace
into battle. Moreover, a mace would not “pierce,†nqb, the head of an
enemy [3,14a], while arrows would (24).
Thus the first two words of the colon are to be read as t/Fm' t['b]vi, “(your)
seven arrowsâ€.
3. The Heart of the Crux: rma
We turn now to the most difficult term in the colon, rma, which the MT
points as rm,ao from I rma, “to sayâ€. No translation based on this derivation,
however, yields good sense or fits well in the context. O’Connor reads it as a
1st singular verb from a putative root meaning “to see†(25), a translation of
this root proposed by M. Dahood which has found few adherents (26). Instead
of the troublesome rma several commentators opt for Ëštpva (“your quiverâ€),
(21) J. DAY, “Echoes of Baal’s Seven Thunders and Lightnings in Psalm XXIX and
Habakkuk III 9 and the Identity of the Seraphim in Isaiah VIâ€, VT 29 (1979) 143-51; M.
O’CONNOR, Hebrew Verse Structure (Winona Lake, IN 1980) 236; F. I. ANDERSEN,
Habakkuk (AB 25; New York 2001) 312.
(22) GKC §97c; P. JOÜON – T. MURAOKA, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew: Part One:
Orthography and Phonetics; Part Two: Morphology (Subsidia Biblica 14; Rome 1991)
§100d.
(23) CAD M/2, 147-48.
(24) God of My Victory, 28.
(25) Hebrew Verse Structure, 236.
(26) E.g., see M. DAHOOD, Psalms I: 1-50 (AB 16; Garden City, NY 1961) 16, 24, 69.