Francesca Stavrakopoulou, «Exploring the Garden of Uzza: Death, Burial and Ideologies of Kingship», Vol. 87 (2006) 1-21
The Garden of Uzza (2 Kgs 21,18.26) is commonly regarded as a pleasure garden
in or near Jerusalem which came to be used as a royal burial ground once the tombs
in the City of David had become full. However, in this article it is argued that the
religious and cultic significance of royal garden burials has been widely
overlooked. In drawing upon comparative evidence from the ancient Near East, it
is proposed that mortuary gardens played an ideological role within perceptions of
Judahite kingship. Biblical texts such as Isa 65,3-4; 66,17 and perhaps 1,29-30 refer
not to goddess worship, but to practices and sacred sites devoted to the royal dead.
2 Francesca Stavrakopoulou
people of Israel remove the defiling presence of “the corpses of their
kings†which appear to be situated next to the temple (5). He contends
that this alternative burial site is the Garden of Uzza, in which
Manasseh and Amon are said to be buried in 2 Kgs 21,18.26. In the
first of these verses, the Garden of Uzza appears to be equated with
Manasseh’s palace garden (wtyb ˆg, “the garden of his houseâ€). On this
basis, Na’aman confidently identifies the Garden of Uzza with another
garden mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the “King’s Garden†(˚lmh ˆg),
to which brief references are found in 2 Kgs 25,4; Jer 39,4; 52,7 and
Neh 3,15. This hypothesis is not only held to account for the change in
the death and burial notices, but is also offered as an explanation for
the absence of any referral to the burial place of Hezekiah, as the king
was not buried “with his ancestors in the City of Davidâ€, but,
according to this theory, in the new royal cemetery in the Garden of
Uzza. Lest this disassociation from his Davidic ancestors diminish the
favourable portrayal of Hezekiah, Na’aman suggests that the biblical
author deliberately cut short his burial formula and ascribed the
transfer of the royal burial place to Manasseh, a monarch portrayed in
Kings as the most villainous of all the kings of Judah.
This is not in itself an innovative proposal. Brian Schmidt reaches
similar conclusions in his discussion of Ezek 43,7-9 (6), suggesting that
a tradition underlying the burial notices in the books of Kings claimed
that Hezekiah relocated the royal tombs in anticipation of the Assyrian
siege of Jerusalem, fearing their desecration by the enemy. This
tradition, he proposes, was altered by the biblical author in view of his
contrasting assessments of Hezekiah and Manasseh, so that Manasseh
was portrayed negatively as the instigator of the new burial site, and
Hezekiah’s interment in the Garden of Uzza was a detail suppressed in
the more positive account of his reign.
Both Na’aman and Schmidt are right to recognize the ideological
significance of the death and burial notices in the books of Kings.
Indeed, I have suggested elsewhere that the location of Manasseh’s
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with the removal of the Nehushtan from the temple (2 Kgs 18,4), as discussed in
his article, “The Debated Historicity of Hezekiah’s Reform in the Light of
Historical and Archaeological Researchâ€, ZAW 107 (1995) 179-195.
(5) The textual difficulties of Ezek 43,7-9 have given rise to a variety of
interpretations, as indicated below.
(6) Israel’s Beneficent Dead. Ancestor Cult and Necromancy in Ancient
Israelite Religion and Tradition (FAT 11; Tübingen 1994; repr. Winona Lake, IN
1996) 250-254. Na’aman does not refer to Schmidt’s discussion.