Thomas R. Hatina, «Who Will See "The Kingdom of God Coming with Power" in Mark 9,1 — Protagonists or Antagonists?», Vol. 86 (2005) 20-34
In conventional readings of Mark 9,1, the meaning of the
"kingdom of God coming with power" determines the identity of the bystanders who
will supposedly experience ("see") it. Since the prediction of the kingdom is
usually regarded as a blessing, it is assumed that the bystanders are
protagonists. In contrast to this conventional approach, the reading proposed in
this essay begins with the group(s) which will experience ("see") "the kingdom
of God coming with power", first in 9,1 and then in 13,26 and 14,62. When prior
attention is given to these groups in the context of the narrative, Jesus’
prediction in Mark 9,1 emerges not as a blessing promised to the protagonists,
but as a threat of judgment aimed at antagonists.
Who Will See “The Kingdom of God Coming with Power†33
“power†(usually in the LXX as duvnami", dunasteiva" or ijscuv") are
often found in contexts of war or destruction. And in most cases, those
who are condemned to witness the devastation (i.e. the power of God’s
strength), be it in terms of “seeing†or “knowingâ€, are the enemies of
Yahweh. For example, in LXX Jer 16,21, the duvnami" of God refers to
the judgment which Judah is about to experience because she has
periodically sought the help of Egypt, instead of Yahweh, against the
force of Babylon. The duvnami" of Yahweh is depicted as “fiery angerâ€,
and manifested in Judah’s loss of her inheritance, her land and her
sovereignty. She has, in a sense, become the antagonist. Once
Jerusalem is destroyed, the prophet claims that Judah will be
condemned not only to serve her enemies, but also her enemies’ gods
(cf. Jer 16,9-10; 17,3-4; 18,11). The display of divine power coheres
more immediately to judgment than it does to blessing.
The precedent can be extended to other writings in early Judaism
where terms like “glory’ and “power†are likewise used of divine acts
of judgment (38). One of the writings which contains a concentration of
references to the manifestation of God’s “power†(hrwbg) is 1QM (39).
God’s hrwbg, however, is not displayed to the “sons of light†who are
confident of his might, but to the opponents of God (“sons of
darknessâ€) who wage war against the faithful ones. In these texts (e.g.
3,8; 4,12; 6,6), the hrwbg of God is clearly manifested in the destruction
of all (including entire nations) who oppose the faithful (i.e. in this
case the “sons of lightâ€) (40). There are also a few references in the
Scrolls to God’s jwk which can also be translated as “might†or
“power†(1QM 4,12; 13,13; 4Q418 f126ii:9), though this term is
usually rendered as ijscuv" in the LXX. Like the function of hrwbg, jwk
is used to refer to the display of divine judgment against the enemies
of the faithful. Similar to Mark, these texts primarily envision an
apocalyptic scenario which describes God’s “power†as an event that
is to be witnessed by the antagonists.
(38) E.g., in Sir 36,1-6 one finds “might†(dunasteiva) and “to glorifyâ€
(doxavzw) as manifestations of God which are to be seen by the unrighteous
enemies of Israel.
(39) hrwbg is commonly translated in the LXX as duvnami". E.g. Judg 8,21;
1 Kgs 22,45; Jer 16,21; Ps 20,14; Job 12,13; 2 Chr 20,6.
(40) See also 1QM 1,11.14; 3,5; 4,4; 6,2; 10,5; 14,6; 4Q181 f1,2; and possibly
4Q185 f1 2i,14; 4Q403 f1,21; 4Q404 f2,2; 4Q405 f13,5; 4Q491 f8 10,4; 4Q510
f1,2.