Ancient Witnesses on Deponency in Greek 11 30. A similar situation can be demonstrated in respect to voice. The forms which are called “middle voice” admit a neutralization (coincidence of form) of active and passive, as we will show in greater detail in our discussion of the rules of verbal syntax, and their use does not involve a grammatical error in voice. For ἐλουσάμην (“I took a bath”, “I bathed (myself)”) ἐποιησάμην (“I took part in”, “did or made (for myself)”, “considered or regarded (X as Y)”) ἐτριψάμην (“I got tired”) and similar forms are most explicitly construed in both ways, sometimes as actives, sometimes as passives, since ἔτριψα (“I crushed, wore out (something or someone)”) differs from ἐτριψάμην, and ἔλουσα (“I washed or bathed (someone else)”) differs from ἐλουσάμην, but there is no such difference between ἐποίησα (“I made, did”) and ἐποιησάμην or between προῆκα (“I sent, let go, threw”) and προηκάμην (“I threw out”, “I threw away”). But some people who are inexperienced in regard to dis- tinctions of this kind think that sometimes passive forms are used in place of active ones, thereby unwittingly attaching significant blame to the construc- tions. For to use the passive instead of the active is a real ungrammatical construction. You cannot find a genuine active or a genuine passive used for the other voice by hypallage, i.e. you never see ἐποίησα (“I made (some- thing)”) used to mean ἐποιήθην (“I was made”) or vice versa. According to this account, in examples like Iliad 13.60: 3.13 ἀμφοτέρω κεκοπώς (“having struck both men”) or 2.264 3.14 πεπληγὼς ἀγορῆθεν (“having struck from the assembly”) or Odyssey 10.238 3.15 ῥάβδῳ πεπληγυῖα (“having struck with her wand”) or Iliad 1.56 3.16 ὅτι ῥα θνῄσκοντας ὁρᾶτο (“that she saw them dying”) etc, there is no hypallage of voice, given this explanation of the “middle” but these forms have attained the sense of both voices by the necessary logic of the structure29. In this description of voice, Apollonius Dyscolus focuses specifically on verbs with middle form (σχῆμα); however, his words here are cryptic. 29 F.W. Householder, The Syntax of Apollonius Dyscolus, trans. F.W. Householder (Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science: Series III—Studies in the History of Linguistics 23; Amsterdam 1981) 165-66 (§30) [commentary omitted and transliteration replaced by Greek].