Ancient Witnesses on Deponency in Greek 13 active or passive function. In either case, there is incongruity between form and function. Apollonius Dyscolus’ second contribution to our understanding of the way in which ancient grammarians comprehended voice is considered next. De constructione 151. τὰ γοῦν διὰ τοῦ μέσου ἐνεστῶτος ἐν τύπῳ παθητικῷ ἐνέργειαν σημαίνοντα ἀπαράδεκτον ἔχει τὴν διὰ τοῦ ω κατάληξιν, ἐνεργητικὴν οὖσαν, ἐπεὶ τὸ ταύτης εὔχρηστον διὰ τοῦ προειρημένου μέσου ἐνεστῶτος κατείληπτο, ὡς ἔχει τό βιάζομαί σε, μάχομαί σοι, χρῶμαί σοι καὶ ἄλλα πλεῖστα. σαφὲς οὖν ὅτι παντὸς παθητικοῦ εἰς μαι λήγοντος ἐνεργητικὸν ἔστιν παραδέξασθαι, ἐὰν μετὰ τῆς καταλήξεως συντρέχῃ καὶ τὰ τῆς συντάξεως, ἵσταμαι ὑπὸ σοῦ - ἵστημι σέ, δέρομαι ὑπὸ σοῦ - δέρω σέ, ἕλκομαι ὑπὸ σοῦ - ἕλκω σέ· οὐχὶ τὸ πέταμαι ὑπὸ σοῦ, διὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ τὸ πέτημι σέ. ὁ αὐτὸς λόγος καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ ἄγαμαι, δύναμαι, ἔραμαι36. 151. Verbs with “middle” present form, formally like the passive, but signi- fying a[n] activity, are incapable of taking the ω endings of the active because of the possibility of using it is destroyed by the aforesaid present “middle”, as for instance, βιάζομαί σε (“I force you”), μάχομαί σοι (“I’m fighting you), χρῶμαί σοι (“I use you”) and many, many more. It is clear that every passive form in μαι etc. has a corresponding active, provided that the syntax-and-se- mantics agree with the form: ἵσταμαι ὑπὸ σοῦ (“I am stood up by you”), ἵστημι σέ (“I stand you up”), δέρομαι ὑπὸ σοῦ (“I am skinned by you”), δέρω σέ (“I skin you”), ἕλκομαι ὑπὸ σοῦ (“I am drawn by you”), ἕλκω σέ (“I draw you”), but not *τὸ πέταμαι ὑπὸ σοῦ (“*I fly by you”), hence not *τὸ πέτημι σέ (? “I cause you to fly” or whatever); the same holds good for ἄγαμαι (“I ad- mire ...”), δύναμαι (“I can ...”, “I am able ...”), ἔραμαι (“I’m in love with ...”)37. In this segment, Apollonius Dyscolus has further contributed to our understanding of voice, specifically deponency, in ancient grammatical studies. He tells us that there are occasions in which a verb with present middle morphology is used to signify a verb with present active function. In such cases, the ω ending, which itself is active, is no longer available to be used by the verbal paradigm. Although not explicitly stated, the infer- ence is that the corresponding verbal endings for the present active also are not available (-ω, -εις, -ει, -ομεν, -ετε, -ουσι). The reason the ω ending 36 Dyscoli, “De constructione”, 398 (§151). 37 Householder, Syntax of Apollonius Dyscolus, 209 (§151) [commentary omitted and transliteration replaced by Greek].