Paul Danove, «le&gw Melding In The Septuagint And New Testament», Vol. 16 (2003) 19-31
This study investigates the grammatical phenomenon, le&gw melding,
which arises in particular contexts in which two or three verbs of communication,
one of which usually is le&gw, govern the same object complement.
The study establishes the syntactic, semantic, and lexical requirements of
the verbs of communication that participate in le&gw melding, develops the
distinctive characteristics of this phenomenon, and considers its implications
for translation and the formulation of lexicon entries for the Greek
words of the Septuagint and New Testament.
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Λέγω Melding in the Septuagint and New Testament
verbs account for 576 (97.5%) of the 591 occurrences of λέγω melding.
The eight remaining verbs that participate in λέγω melding account for
only fifteen occurrences (2.5%) and always appear as the first of two or
as the first and second of three linked verbs: αἰτέω; δηλόω; διασαφέω;
διαστέλλομαι; á¼Ï€Î±Î³Î³á½³Î»Î»Ï‰; κελεύω; Ï€Ïοστάσσω; and συντάσσω. Out-
side of the context of λέγω melding, however, these verbs express only
indirect discourse and permit the lexical realization of their third com-
plement only as verb phrases that can accommodate indirect discourse:
ἵνα clauses (V+ἵνα); ὅτι clauses (V+ ὅτι); (co)relative clauses (V+ ὅ); in-
terrogative clauses (V+ τί); ὡς manner clauses (V+ ὡς); ὥστε clauses (V+
ὥστε); infinitive phrases with subject accusatives (V+i), or complementary
infinitive phrases (V-i).15 In their fifteen occurrences in λέγω melding,
however, these eight verbs are followed by a concluding verb of direct
discourse whose third complement is lexically realized as a clause with
a finite verb (V+finite) that accommodates a quote: αἰτέω (Mark 6:25);
δηλόω (Josh 4:7); διασαφέω (2 Macc 7:6); διαστέλλομαι (Mark 8:15);
á¼Ï€Î±Î³Î³á½³Î»Î»Ï‰ (Heb 6:13; 12:26); κελεύω (1 Esdr 9:53); Ï€Ïοστάσσω (Exod
36:6; Deut 27:1); and συντάσσω (Gen 26:11; Exod 1:22; 5:6; 31:13; Josh
4:4; Jer 39:13). This indicates that λέγω melding permits an extension of
the typical usage of verbs of indirect discourse to accommodate a third
complement quote of direct discourse.
4. Implications of λέγω Melding for Translation
This discussion resolves the verbs that participate in λέγω melding
into three groups and considers guidelines for translation according to
the semantic requirements of each group.
Among the 591 occurrences of λέγω melding, 576 link two or three
verbs that accommodate the expression of direct discourse; and both or
Matt 22:35; Mark 5:9; 7:5; 8:23, 29; 9:16, 21, 28, 33; 10:17; 12:28; 13:3; 14:61; 15:2; Luke 8:30;
18:40; John 18:7); á¼Ïωτάω (Gen 43:27; Judg 4:20; 13:6; Ezra 5:9; Tob 6:7; 7:3; 1 Macc 10:72;
Isa 41:28; Jer 6:16; 18:13; 31:19; Mark 8:5; Luke 14:18, 19; 19:31; John 1:19, 21, 25; 5:12; 16:5;
Phil 4:3); κηÏύσσω (Prov 1:21; Hos 5:8; Zeph 3:14; Dan 3:4; Matt 3:1; 4:17; Rev 5:2); λέγω
(Gen 15:2; Exod 2:13; Tob 3:10; Amos 1:6; Dan 2:27; and many others); á½Ïκίζω (Num 5:19,
21; Neh 13:25); παÏαγγέλλω (1 Sam 10:17; Dan 3:4); and παÏακαλÎω (Esth 5:1e; 1 Macc
13:3; Isa 13:2; 35:4; Matt 8:5; Acts 9:38; 16:9; 1 Cor 4:16; 1 Thess 5:14; 1 Pet 5:1).
The eight verbs elsewhere permit only the following lexical realizations of verb phrase
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third complements: αἰτέω (V+ἵνα; V+i; V-i); δηλόω (V+ὅτι; V+ á½…); διασαφÎω (V+ ἵνα; V+
á½…; V+τί; V+ ὡς); διαστÎλλομαι (V+ ἵνα); á¼Ï€Î±Î³Î³Îλλω (V-i); κελεύω (V-i); Ï€Ïοστάσσω (V+i;
V-i); and συντάσσω (V+ ὥστε; V+i; V-i). These verbs also permit the lexical realization of
their third complement as noun phrases (N) and prepositional phrases (P).