Paul Danove, «le&gw Melding In The Septuagint And New Testament», Vol. 16 (2003) 19-31
This study investigates the grammatical phenomenon, le&gw melding,
which arises in particular contexts in which two or three verbs of communication,
one of which usually is le&gw, govern the same object complement.
The study establishes the syntactic, semantic, and lexical requirements of
the verbs of communication that participate in le&gw melding, develops the
distinctive characteristics of this phenomenon, and considers its implications
for translation and the formulation of lexicon entries for the Greek
words of the Septuagint and New Testament.
Paul Danove
30
καὶ σὺ δηλώσεις Ï„á¿· υἱῷ σου λέγων ὅτι Ἐξέλιπεν ὠἸοÏδάνης ποταμός... and you
will inform your son, “The Jordan River left off...†(Josh 4:7)
καὶ διεστέλλετο αá½Ï„οῖς λέγων, ὉÏᾶτε, βλέπετε... and he was ordering them, “Watch,
beware...†(Mark 8:15)
These considerations indicate that the semantic requirements of all
591 occurrences of the linked verbs that participate in λέγω melding
may be satisfied by the reduction of two or three linked verbs to a single
English verb and translation according to the same four rules.
5. Implications of λέγω Melding for the Formulation of the Lexicon
Most Greek dictionaries of Septuagint and New Testament vocabulary
do not distinguish whether verbs (and other words) permit the omission
of required complements either only when their definite semantic content
has received previous clarification or even when their definite semantic
content has not received previous clarification. Incorporation of this
distinction and a discussion of λέγω melding into the lexicon, however,
would permit three clarifications in the usage of Greek vocabulary.
First, Greek presents paired verbs that have similar connotations and
require the same number of complements but are distinguished only by
whether or not they require a complement to have a definite semantic
content when omitted. Thus, such words may be synonymous in meaning
but not true semantic synonyms. This is the case for two paired sets of
verbs of communication which, in one usage, are distinguished only in the
definite / indefinite requirement for omitted third complements: δέομαι /
Ï€Ïοσεύχομαι (beg, pray) and λέγω / λαλέω (say, speak). Here the latter
verbs of these pairs properly have the connotations, “say a prayer†and
“say something†when their third complements are indefinite and null.
This distinction also extends to verbs that do not express communica-
tion, such as λαμβάνω / δέχομαι, which, with the connotation, “receiveâ€,
are distinguished only by whether or not they require their third (source)
complement to have a definite semantic content when omitted (null).
Second, notations concerning requirements for definite semantic con-
tent for particular null complements would prevent potential ambiguities
Levites were ordering all the people, “This day is holy: do not be sad!â€, 1 Esdr 9:53); καὶ
Ï€Ïοσέταξεν Μωυσῆς ... λέγων Φυλάσσεσθε πάσας Ï„á½°Ï‚ á¼Î½Ï„ολὰς ταύτας... (and Moses...
commanded, “Keep all these commandments...!â€, Deut 27:1); and καὶ σὺ σύνταξον τοῖς
υἱοῖς ΙσÏαηλ λέγων ὉÏᾶτε καὶ Ï„á½° σάββατά μου φυλάξεσθε (and you, command the sons
of Israel, “Watch and keep my Sabbaths!â€, Exod 31:13).