Sung Jin Park, «A New Historical Reconstruction of the Fall of Samaria», Vol. 93 (2012) 98-106
Most scholars accept the two-conquest model according to which Shalmaneser V conquered Samaria in 723/722 BCE but died shortly thereafter, and that Sargon II then suppressed the ancient city again in his second regnal year (720 BCE) after resolving the internal conflict in Assyria. This paper critically examines this model, discusses some problems regarding chronological order, and proposes a new historical reconstruction in support of one conquest. The probability of there having been propagandistic considerations motivating Sargon II’s scribes is also discussed.
102 SUNG JIN PARK
34. Enlil of the gods in a rage of his heart… his reign [ ] Sargon, the legiti-
mate king…
35. he raised my head and made me hold scepter, throne, and crown …
This inscription does not support the view that the domestic conflict
in Assur is followed by the West campaign of Sargon II. According to the
description in the Assur Charter, after the battle with the Elamites, Sargon
II fought with the Westland (here, only Hamath, Arpad and Samaria are
mentioned.), brought the spoils to Assur, and then granted the privilege ―
exemption from corvée service―to the residents of Assur.
Furthermore, the Borowski Stela, one of the earliest inscriptions in the
time of Sargon II 15, seems to support the chronology of the Assur Charter
in that the domestic conflict occurs after the West campaign of Sargon II.
I gathered from them 200 chariots, 600 cavalry, shield and lance (bear-
ers) and added them to my royal contingent. I pardoned and showed
mercy on 6,300 guilty Assyrians settling them inside Hamath 16.
This stele informs us that thousands of Assyrians were “guilty†in Sar-
gon’s eyes. W. Lambert comments, “This settlement suggests that they were
not previously resident in the area, so most likely they were Assyrian army
units who had offended against Sargon†17. Alongside the Assur Charter, the
Borowski inscription indicates that there may have been a serious civil war
over the succession in Assyria. If Lambert’s statement is correct, “6,300
guilty Assyrians†refers to the army units opposing Sargon II during this
period. After suppressing this civil war, Sargon had the “guilty Assyrianâ€
soldiers settled in Hamath. However, if Hamath was under the control of
Yaubi’di, how could Sargon deport them to Hamath? It is apparent that Ha-
math was already under the control of the Assyrian military at the time of
deporting the “6,300 guilty soldiersâ€. Therefore, it is evident that the battle
with Hamath had occurred before the deportation from Assyria.
III. The Political Propaganda of Sargon II against Shalmaneser V
According to the Assur Charter (refer to lines 31-33), Shalmaneser V
was fully responsible for the abolition of privilege in the city of Assur.
However, the privileges of exemption from ilku and tupšikku had been
15
W.G. LAMBERT, “Portion of Inscribed Stela of Sargon II, King of As-
syriaâ€, Ladders to Heaven (ed. O.W. MUSCARELLA) (Toronto 1981) 125.
16
The phrase ina qereb KURḪamatti indicates that the 6,300 guilty Assyr-
ians were not deployed to defend the military border between Assyria and
Hamath, but to station inside Hamath. CAD, Q 216-217.
17
LAMBERT, “Inscribed Stela of Sargon IIâ€, 125.