48 DEBBIE HUNN in ruling out three common views of Gal 1,13–2,21 as a poor fit for the text. That Paul’s apostolate verifies his gospel ignores his emphasis in 1,8; 2,6.11-14 that one’s status does not prove the truth of one’s message. That Paul defends himself against unstated accusations begs the question from the start. That Paul sets himself up as a paradigm leaves his gospel without a proof and too much of the text unaccounted for. Paul’s purpose in 1,6-12 drives his argument in 1,13–2,21. The Galatians are turning aside after a false gospel (1,6-9), and Paul would convince them of the truth of the gospel he taught them (1,10-12). He therefore sets up two categories in 1,10 — that of seeking to please people and that of seeking to please God — that are both mutually exclusive and all inclusive in the sense that Paul will be doing one or the other. Paul then defends his gospel on the basis of his life motivation. To show that he preaches the gospel he received from God, it suffices for Paul to show that he desires to please God. Using the dichotomy he set up in 1,10, he demonstrates his desire to please God by arguing that he no longer vies for status among people by pleasing them. In 1,13-24, therefore, Paul emphasizes his lack of contact with the apostles to establish that he did not work to advance himself among them. The inhabitants of Judea are his witnesses. Paul then recounts two incidents to show that he did not alter his message later, even in the face of a threat to it. In 2,1-10 Paul makes the point that when false brethren challenged the gospel (2,1-5), the apostles did not add to his message (2,6). Their acceptance of him as an equal (2,7-10) is his proof. Then in 2,11-21 Paul stands up to Peter, Barnabas, and the rest of the Jewish believers in Antioch when they act in a manner contrary to the gospel. They then become witnesses to the constancy of his stand. Verse 1,10 is thus not a mere addendum to a rebuke, but a foundational element in support of Paul’s message. This finishes Paul’s initial line of defense to the Galatians of the divine origin of his gospel. He continues chap. 3 with evidence from their experience and from the Scripture. Dallas Theological Seminary Debbie HUNN Swiss Ave. Dallas, TX 75204, U.S.A.