Csaba Balogh, «'He Filled Zion with Justice and Righteousness'. The Composition of Isaiah 33», Vol. 89 (2008) 477-504
In contrast to most opinions concerning Isa 33 this pericope is far too complex to be explained as one coherent literary unit. Isa 33 has a short anti-Assyrian woe-cry at its bases (vv. 1+4), which once closed the woe-cries of Isa 28–32. Vv. 1+4 were supplemented first (around 598 or 587) by a communal lament, vv. 2-3+5+7-12, bringing the idea of the punishment of Judah and the temporised destruction of the enemy in vv. 1+4 further. Second, (shortly after 539) vv. 1-5.7-12 were expanded by a salvation prophecy, vv. 6+13-24, concerning the returnees, the restoration of Jerusalem and the monarchy.
496 Csaba Balogh
reinterpreted version of Isa 33, knowing it probably in its present
form (88). A second comparable text is Isa 59, in which the prophet also
speaks in the name of a group, addressing YHWH directly (59,12). The
prophet and his community expect the manifestation of justice,
righteousness and deliverance — key terms in Isa 33 —, obstructed by
the sins of the people (89). Yet there is a stronger awareness here of the
current iniquity of the people. The emphasis on the delayed deliverance
(59,9-11) may directly hint — as in Isa 26,18 — at the community’s
trouble with earlier promises of salvation, in particular 33,1.4.10-12.
The closing section, 59,15b-21, appears to be an oracle comparable to
33,10-12, i.e. an answer to the earlier prayer of the community. Third,
Isa 63,7–64,11, is also formulated as a communal lament, including a
prayer, a description of the desolation (64,9-10), ending in 64,11 with a
question expecting a reaction. Isa 65 can perhaps be read as the
oracular response of YHWH to this request.
These three texts are later than Isa 33,2-3+5+7-10 (90). One may
also ask which earlier passages from Isaiah could have been used at
this point. We must be aware though that some lexemes may be typical
for a type of genre rather than being intertextual allusions (91).
Scholars recognise a connection between Isa 33,5 and 1,21, where
Jerusalem in its early days is portrayed as hb ˆyly qdx fpvm ytalm (92).
However, 1,21 refers to the just and righteous deeds of the inhabitants
of the city, unlike 33,5. More important is 1,27, according to which
Zion will be redeemed through fpvm and hqdx. This latter implies that
33,5 | 26,9 (via fpvm people learn qdx); 33,6 (˚yt[ tnwma) | 26,4 (μymlw[ rwx); 33,6
(t[wvy ˆsj) | 26,1 (ljw twmwj tyvy h[wvy); 33,11 | 26,11; 33,14-15 | 26,2.7 (the qydx and
μyrvym; this latter only here in this sense in Isaiah); 33,16-21 | 26,1 (z[ ry[); 33,22 |
26,13. Note also the frequent lb’s.
(88) A particular case of reinterpretation appears in 26,17-18. The symbols of
33,11, lyj, hrh, jwr, reappear in 26,17-18, but with an entirely new sense, related to
Israel. Another striking case of reinterpreting allusion is ≈raAywxqAlk tqjr in 26,15,
probably referring to μyqjrm ≈ra in 33,17.
(89) Subtle allusions to 33,14-16 may be recognised in the characterisation of
the prophet’s audience in 59,2-8.
(90) Isa 37 also includes a description of the threat (37,1-13), a prayer for
deliverance (37,15-20) and an oracle (37,21-35). Unfortunately, the space does
not allow me to deal here with the complex relationship between Isa 33 and 37.
See note 118 below.
(91) So hwq in 33,2 is not necessarily a hint at 8,17, but rather a common
formula in prayers (cf. Ps 25,5; 27,14; 40,2; 130,5; Isa 25,9; 26,8; 59,9.11). μyrqbl
may hint at Isa 28,19, but the motif of morning is frequent in prayers.
(92) WILLIAMSON, Book, 233-234; KUSTÃR, Krankheit, 87.