Patrick A. Tiller, «Reflexive Pronouns in the New Testament», Vol. 14 (2001) 43-63
The purpose of this study is to answer two basic
questions concerning reflexive and reciprocal pronouns in the New
Testament: (1) What are the syntactic constraints on reflexives, that
determine when they may be used? (2) What are the semantic constraints
that determine when in fact they are used? In answering the first question
the author considers both reflexives and reciprocals and discuss the whole
NT; for the second, the author attempts to suggest answers for third
person reflexives and based only on the Pauline Epistles commonly
recognized as authentic.
Patrick A. Tiller
60
tures that I considered were impossible to test for. For example, all of the trig-
gers of both lists were either human or God (except for one reflexive whose
trigger was love, personified) so that it is impossible to know whether
humanness has any effect. Since I was testing only for third person reflexives
I could not consider the relation of the speaker to the referent of the trigger,
though it seems that reflexives are more frequent in the third person.
Other features that I tested for (the definiteness of the trigger, word
order) seemed irrelevant. Verbs that expressed the feeling of the referent
of the trigger toward the NP that governs the reflexive never had a simple
personal pronoun but in each case the reflexive could be adequately
explained by other means.
There were three features that seemed to result in the use of the reflex-
ive. The first is that in every case where there was a contrast between the
referent of the pronoun and something else, the reflexive was used.
1 Cor 10:29 suneidhsin de; levgw ouci; th;n eJautou` ajlla; th;n tou` eJtevrou.
v
conscience but I-say not the of-yourself but the of-the other.
Now I do not mean your own conscience but that of the other.
The syntax of this was explained above. What is important to see here
is that what determines the use of the reflexive is that it is contrasted with
tou` eJtevrou (‘the other’). A frequent example of this is with the phrase ta;
eautwn (‘ones own things’).
J '
eJautw'n zhtou`sin, ouj ta; ’Ihsou`
Phil 2:21 oiJ pavnte~ ga;r ta;
the all for the-things of-themselves seek, not the-things of-Jesus
Cristou. `
Christ.
For everyone seeks his own interests and not those of Jesus Christ.
In this case the general issue seems to be focus. Contrast necessarily
puts the focus on the items being contrasted.
The second and third factors are not, by themselves, sufficient reasons
to use the reflexive, but only when used in combination. The second fac-
tor that seems to affect the choice of reflexive is that if the trigger is also
the agent of the action that is received by the pronoun, then the pronoun
is more likely to be reflexive. The third factor is that if the referent of the
NP that governs the pronoun is part of the body or family of the referent
of the trigger, then the reflexive is likely to be used 20. Neither the second
nor the third factor is sufficient in itself to trigger a reflexive. In each of
the following examples, both of these factors are present.
20
Possibly one should add that the referent of the trigger should be aware of his or
her relation to the referent of the NP that governs the pronoun or that the statement
must be made from the point of view of the referent of the trigger.