002_cudworth_co_498_523 13/02/15 11:26 Pagina 507 THE DIVISION OF ISRAEL’S KINGDOM IN CHRONICLES 507 both legitimizes the claim of all Israel and consequently condemns Rehoboam for his faithlessness. Japhet claims that this final occurrence of “all Israel” in v. 16 undoubtedly refers to the northern tribes since she sees them as the referent in vv. 1.3, and in the other references to Israel in v. 16 29. Williamson likewise appeals to common sense for this deduction, though he avers that the references in vv. 1 and 3 are to all the tribes based on the analogy of its previous occurrences in the reigns of David and Solomon and the omission of any hint of the division of the kingdom 30. While I concur with these latter argu- ments of Williamson, I still take his argument further that all Israel in v. 16 must be regarded in the same way as in vv. 1 and 3 based on the tight inclusio it forms. The addition of “all” in v. 16 and the removal of “all” in v. 18 further supports the view that this struc- ture is the thought of the Chronicler. McKenzie argues that the southern kingdom could not be displeased with Rehoboam’s ac- tions in v. 16 so that it must refer to only the northern tribes 31, but this fails to take into account the Chronicler’s distinct use of the phrase “all Israel”. Verse 16 does not suggest that “all Israel” de- serted Rehoboam, but that the faithful followers of David and Solomon disapproved of his actions in this instance. The second note of divine determinism comes after two futile attempts by Rehoboam to regain his rule over all Israel in 10,17- 19 and 11,1-4. For the former, the Chronicler changes the now ob- solete moniker “all Israel” of v. 18 to read “the children of Israel”. This allows him to juxtapose the “the children of Israel” in the south, over whom Rehoboam reigned (v. 17), and the “the children of Israel” in the north, who rejected his authority by stoning his emissary Hadoram (v. 18); thus, the idealized “all Israel” has for- mally been cut into two pieces. The Chronicler then makes another statement about “all Israel” in Rehoboam’s second effort to restore the north to his dominion (11,1-4). After fleeing to Jerusalem from the angry northerners, Rehoboam musters up an army in the south. However, the prophet Shemaiah warns the king and “all Israel in Judah and Benjamin” that the kingdom split has come at the direc- 29 JAPHET, I & II Chronicles, 658. 30 WILLIAMSON, Israel in Chronicles, 103. 31 S.L. MCKENZIE, The Chronicler’s Use of the Deuteronomistic History (HSM 33; Chico, CA 1985) 99-100.