George C. Heider, «The Gospel according to John: The New Testament’s Deutero-Deuteronomy?», Vol. 93 (2012) 68-85
The article examines parallels in canonical function between Deuteronomy and John. Following clarification of the significance of «canonical function», the essay investigates first external parallels between the two books that impact their reading especially within their sections of the OT and NT. It then looks at internal components of the books that contribute to their larger canonical role, with especial attention paid to the role of the future community as implied readership, rhetorical devices, location, and claims of final authority and sufficiency. The article concludes with a proposal regarding ways in which the two books do, indeed, function within their testamental canons in like ways.
81
THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO JOHN
This is the disciple who is testifying to these things and has writ-
ten them, and we know that his testimony is true. But there are also
many other things that Jesus did; if every one of them were writ-
ten down, I suppose that the world itself could not contain the
books that would be written (21,24-25) 29.
Further, as to the finality of mediators, there is even a verbal overlap
between the final encomium to Moses in Deut 34,10-12 and the “first
ending†to John in 20,30-31 (discussed above), as these summative
texts cite as their first point of evidence both Moses and Jesus as
/
performers of “signs†(Heb. ‫ ;×”×ותות‬LXX and N.T. σημεια) 30.
Finally (with respect to our examination of internal characteristics
of Deuteronomy and John), we may observe a note of mystery at the
conclusion of each. While, as noted, there is heavy emphasis
throughout both on the unique significance of the one mediator
between God and the community, both seem to go out of their way
to de-emphasize the identity of the author, albeit in somewhat
different ways. In the case of Deuteronomy, while the preponderance
of the book clearly claims to be Moses’ very words, he is not
described as the book’s author (unless that is how one takes ‫ התורה‬in
Deut 31,9.24), and the account of his death in the final chapter has
always bedeviled attempts to attribute authorship to him 31. In the
instance of John, one is left with something of a Russian matryoshka
doll. As early as John 1,14, the author’s presence is explicit (via
“weâ€), and his identity is disclosed in John 21,24, as the “beloved
discipleâ€, “who is testifying to these things and has written them†32.
29
Indeed, at points such as this John’s Gospel verges on positing a parallel
between Moses and the beloved disciple as revelators of God — understandable
enough, given the Gospel’s claim from the outset that Jesus not only reveals
God (John 1,18) but is God (John 1,1; 5,18; 10,30). On the matter of the suffi-
ciency claims of the Gospel’s ending, see also John 20,30-31 (discussed above),
which likely represents the original ending to the Fourth Gospel and which also
simultaneously claims that much more could be (and has been?) written, but
that the reader has in hand what is true and essential.
30
Neither Deuteronomy nor John goes quite so far as Rev 22,18-19 in ex-
plicitly cursing anyone who adds or takes away from their contents, but both
seem quite clearly to be saying: “This is all, and this is enoughâ€.
31
The most extreme example of an attempt to deal with this problem is
surely that of Josephus (A.J. 4.8.48), who holds that Moses was inspired to
write the account of his own death.
32
Indeed, the authority of the “beloved disciple†as the human authority