G.K. Beale, «The Old Testament Background of the «Last Hour» in 1 John 2,18», Vol. 92 (2011) 231-254
This article argues that the «last hour» in 1 John 2,18 is best understood against the Old Testament background of Daniel 8,12. In particular, the only eschatological uses of «hour» (w#ra) in all of the Greek Old Testament occur in the «Old Greek» of Dan 8,17.19; 11,35.40; 12,1. There the «hour» (w#ra) refers to the specific eschatological time when the opponent of God’s people will attempt to deceive them. John sees Daniel’s prophecy as beginning to be fulfilled in the deceptive work of the Antichrist(s) who has come among the churches to which he is writing.
250 G.K. BEALE
27,9 and 53,5 prophesy about the future, but with respect to
Israel’s “sin†and “lawlessness†being forgiven). Therefore, “the
lawlessness †of 1 John 3,4 is that expected lawlessness of the end-
time opponent and his colleagues (the latter of which Dan 11,32
and 12,10 describe prophetically), which has begun its fulfillment
in John’s community, as we have argued in the case of 1 John 2,18.
If all of this is on the right track, then there is a natural link be-
tween 2,18 and 3,4, which is fueled further by noticing that the nyn˜
in 2,28 and again in 3,2, are likely eschatological nynÃs, further de-
˜
veloping the nyn that occurs for the first time in 2,18, which is
˜
clearly eschatological (as is the nyn in 4,3).
˜
There has also been recent work that shows that a number of
phrases in 1 John have been coined against the general background
of Septuagintal vocabulary 31, which shows that the author’s mind
has been generally influenced at points by the Septuagint.
The point of this section is to show that, while 1 John is not
saturated with Old Testament allusions, there are some. In fact,
there is even allusion to other parts of Daniel and even in the im-
mediate context of 2,18, which makes an allusion there, at least,
something that would not be foreign to the context.
4. Thematic Coherence
The alleged Daniel allusion in 1 John 2,18 fits well into the au-
thor’s line of argumentation in chapters 2 and 3. The allusion illu-
minates and enhances the significance of John’s argument in that
the personal and local struggle that they have had with the seces-
sionists is placed within a wider redemptive-historical context.
They are not merely Christian Gentiles (for the most part) who are
trying to remain loyal to the truth, but in doing so they are eschat-
ological Israelites who are living in the dawning of the end-time
tribulation predicted by Daniel and Jesus. Indeed, they are living in
the “last hourâ€. This should lead to assurance that they really do
“ know God†and should motivate them “to display strength and
take action†in not being deceived “by smooth words†of the
lawless antichrists (Dan 11,32). This then would appear to be a
E.g., see R.W. YARBROUGH, 1-3 John (Grand Rapids, MI 2008) 34, 171,
31
181-182, 272, 323.