Greg Goswell, «The Fate and Future of Zerubbabel in the Prophecy of Haggai», Vol. 91 (2010) 77-90
The final oracle of Haggai is often viewed as royalist in orientation, with the prophet promoting Zerubbabel as a royal (or even messianic) figure. This study seeks to dispute the majority view. Neither the election terms used nor the metaphor of the “seal” assign a royal identity to him. The focus is on the dual leadership of Zerubbabel and Joshua. Nowhere in the prophecy is Zerubbabel identified unequivocally as a Davidide. The temple orientation and the highlighting of divine action show that the establishment of God’s kingdom is in view, not the promotion of Zerubbabel as God’s vice-regent.
86 GREG GOSWELL
silence of the Bible on this matter is no different in principle from its
failure to tell us anything about his co-leader Joshua (Jeshua) after the
second year of Darius. Both Zerubbabel and Jeshua leave the story in the
second year of Darius, but there is no mystery given the tendency of Ezra-
Nehemiah to downplay the role of leaders. A similar people focus is found
in the prophecy of Haggai, wherein the bulk of the oracles consists of
messages about the people (1,2; 2,14) or addressed to the people (1,4-11.13;
2,3-9.15-19) 39, and the people-focus is also the probable explanation of
Haggai’s silence about the subsequent career of Zerubbabel.
8. Zerubbabel’s Davidic lineage
Haggai is silent about Zerubbabel’s Davidic lineage, and it is a matter
of debate how much significance the reader is meant to see in his patronym
(“ the son of Shealtielâ€) (1,1.12.14; 2,2.23). Shealtiel was the son of
Jeconiah (= Jehoiachin), the deposed and exiled Judahite king (cf. 1 Chr
3,17-19). Despite the fact that 1 Chr 3,19 mentions Pedaiah (brother of
Shealtiel) and not Shealtiel as the father of Zerubbabel, it is clear that
Zerubbabel was a direct descendent of Jehoiachin. His patronym is also
used in Ezra-Nehemiah (Ezra 3,2.8; 5,2; Neh 12,1), and it is not to be
assumed without argument that this is designed to foreground a Davidic
linkage, for in neither book is Zerubbabel explicitly identified as a
Davidide.
It is significant that the narrator of Ezra-Nehemiah does not stress the
royal lineage of Zerubbabel. In fact, it would be more accurate to say that
the Davidic pedigree of Zerubbabel is ignored and concealed 40. Likewise,
nothing is made of any possible Davidic connection of Shesh-bazzar (Ezra
1,8.11; 5,14) if he is to be identified with Shenazzar, a son of Jehoiachin and
the uncle of Zerubbabel, mentioned in 1 Chr 3,18. The identification of the
names, however, is not at all likely 41. The failure to provide a patronym
(eds. R.L. TROXEL – K.G. FRIEBEL – D.R. MAGARY) (Winona Lake, IN 2005)
301-314.
Though Rex Mason draws too strong a contrast between the narrative
39
framework and the oracles (see J. KESSLER, The Book of Haggai. Prophecy and
Society in Early Persian Yehud [VTS 91; Leiden 2002] 51-56), his basic point
is valid: “In the oracles themselves it appears to be the community as a whole
which is addressed†(R.A. MASON, “The Purpose of the ‘Editorial Framework’
of the Book of Haggaiâ€, VT 27 [1977] 416).
JAPHET, “Sheshbazzar and Zerubbabel, Iâ€, 72. By contrast, 1 Esdras (5,5)
40
makes much of Zerubbabel as a Davidide, see JAPHET, “Sheshbazzar and
Zerubbabel, IIâ€, 218-229.
P.-R. BERGER, “Zu den Namen rxbvv und rxanv â€, ZAW 83 (1971) 98-100,
41
argues against the identification, and Dion added his support to Berger’s
argumentation that they are separate names, see P.E. DION, “rxbvv and yrwnμs â€,