430 GREGORY T.K. WONG embellished in the medieval Book of Yashar. In addition, the apocryphal Book of Jubilees (c. 135-105 BCE) also refers to the same events, although the account in Jub 34,1-9 is significantly more concise than the rest. Because T Jud 3-7 and the late haggadic material just cited all show the same plot sequences and contain a number of verbal correspondences, scholars generally agree that these material are likely based on the same underlying source 23. The more obscure account in T Jud 3–7 is therefore thought to be an extract from an elaborate account likely similar to Midrash Wayiss‘u in its present form 24. What is noteworthy here is that a comparison of T Jud 3 with both the Chronicles of Yerahmeel and the Book of Yashar shows that out of the three cases cited above where echoes of 1 Sam 17 are found in T Jud 3, in two of them, the point of similarity between the Testament and 1 Samuel seems to involve details that set the Testament apart from either of the haggadic works. Thus, whereas Ch Yerah 36,4 and Yashar 37,44-45 both speak of Judah using a stone (singular) to defend himself from nine attackers, the impression being that the stone was used as a striking weapon 25, in T Jud 3,6, Judah is portrayed as slinging stones (plural) to kill four of his nine attackers. Likewise, the specification of the height of Jacob’s adversary in cubits in T Jud 3,8 is a detail not found in Ch Yerah 36,4 or Yashar 38,1-2 26. What these observations seem to suggest is that additional influence from 1 Sam 17 may have helped shape the account in T Jud 3, as the author supplemented his source material with extra details from the biblical account to forge a stronger rhetorical link between Judah/Jacob and their most prominent descendant David 27. Note, however, that a few minor but significant plot variations do exist 23 between the account in T Jud 3-7 and the late haggadic accounts. For detail, see DE JONGE, Testaments, 62-64. See KUGLER, Testaments, 29; HOLLANDER – DE JONGE, Testament, 24 26 - 27 ; DE JONGE, Testaments, 61-62; 70-71 for more detail. This is most clear in Yashar 37,45, which says, “And Judah hastened and 25 took up a stone from the ground, and with it smote one of them upon the head, and his skull was fractured, and the body also fell from the horse to the ground ”. This is less clear in Ch Yerah 36,4, which simply reports, “Judah broke the head of the first who approached him with a stone, and killed him on the spot”. But even here, the stone is clearly singular. Note, however, that the name of Jacob’s victim in the Testament is 26 different from that found in the two haggadic accounts. In Ch Yerah 36,4, the king Jacob killed with an arrow is Zehori King of Shiloh. Likewise, in Yashar 38,1-2, Jacob’s opponent was Ihuri King of Shiloh. But HOLLANDER – DE JONGE, Testament, 191, speculate that the name Beelisah in T Jud 3,7 may have been the result of an earlier corruption of “Lord of Shiloh (hlyv l[b)”. This portrayal of Judah to parallel David is also seen in other parts of the 27