Christo H.J. Van Der Merwe, «Lexical Meaning in Biblical Hebrew and Cognitive Semantics: a Case Study», Vol. 87 (2006) 85-95
This paper examines the contribution that a cognitive linguistic model of meaning
can make towards the semantic analysis and description of Biblical Hebrew. It
commences with a brief description of some of the basic insights provided by
cognitive semantics. The notion 'semantic potential' is used to capture the
activation potential for all the information (linguistic and encyclopaedic)
connected with each of a set of semantically related lexical items in the Hebrew
Bible, viz. Cm)/Cym),
rbg/hrwbg,
qzx/hqzx,
lyx, xk,
zc/zzc. Commencing with the 'basic
level items' of the set, describing the distribution, the prototypical use and
accompanying contextual frames of each term, the prototypical reading of and
relationship between these terms are then identified.
92 Christo H.J. van der Merwe
it away from them (56). This attribute of God is associated with what “belongsâ€
to Him (57) and sometimes with His great wisdom (58). It makes Him dangerous
to confront (59), but also the one who can do great deeds in creation (60) and for
His people (61) This even includes His ability to forgive (62).
Someone who has j'Ko is described as qz:j; (63). j'Ko, however, is an ability that
needs to be mustered [rz[ (64) or ≈ma (65)]. It appears to be unmarked in most
contexts as far as the quantity that is involved is concerned. This is in contrast
to hr:WbG“, which always implies a huge measure of “strengthâ€. j'Ko can be
modified as far as quantity is concerned (66), e.g. j'koB] l/dG: dy:w“ hq;z“h; (“with great
strength and a strong hand) (67), j'Ko ≈yMia' (68) (“force of strength†= great
powerâ€), j'Ko br:B] (69) (greatness/ abundance of strengthâ€) or /jKo µx'[; (“His
strength will be extremely greatâ€) (70). In other contexts, it appears to be
marked as far as quantity is concerned (71) and then is regarded as a near-
synonym of hr:WbG“ (72). A relationship similar to that which is displayed in the
hierarchy: “dog†and “dog – bitch†may be involved (73).
1b. j'Ko refers to the accumulative effect of humans’ ability to perform
actions that require effort (74). It can be the resources or ability they have to
give back to the Lord as a tithe (75), the wealth they have acquired (76), or the
produce of the land they cultivate (77).
If one now considers the other terms in our list, the follow picture
emerges:
z[o is a near-synonym of j'Kø, but is the only term in our list that never co-
occurs with h'Ko. z[o has a more specialized distribution than j'Ko. In 76% of the
cases of its use, it denotes an attribute of God to do powerful deeds in order
to provide a safe refuge for His people. The cultural model “God is a safe
(56) 1 Chr 29,12 and Ps 102,24. Cf. also Judg 16,6.9.15.17.19.
(57) E.g. His messengers (Ps 103,20). When He or His messenger gives food to
someone, it appears to give them extraordinary abilities. Cf. 1 Kgs 19,8.
(58) Jer 32,17. Cf. also Job 26,2.
(59) Job 9,19; 36,22.
(60) Ps 65,7; 111,6; 147,5; Isa 50,2; Jer 10,12; 27,5; 32,17; 51,15.
(61) Exod 15,6, 1 Chr 29,12; 2 Chr 20,6; 25,8; Job 24,22; 26,12; Isa 50,2; 63,1; Mic
3,8; Nah 1,3. Probably implied in 1 Sam 2,9. Cf. 1 Sam 2,10. Also Exod 9,16; 32,11, Num
14,13.17; Deut 4,37; 9,29; 2 Kgs 17,36; Neh 1,10.
(62) Num 14,17.
(63) Josh 14,11 and Amos 2,14.
(64) 1 Chr 29,14; 2 Chr 2,5; 13,20; 22,9 and Dan 11,6.
(65) Amos 2,14; Nah 2,2; Prov 24,5. Cf. also Dan 11,25 where jKo is “stirred upâ€.
(66) In 2 Chr 26,13 j'Ko is modified modified by lyIj'.
(67) Cf. also Josh 17,17; Judg 16,6; Jer 27,5; 32,17; Nah 1,3.
(68) Cf. Job 9,4; Isa 40,26. Cf. also Job 36,19 and Prov 24,5.
(69) Ps 33,16; Isa 63,1.
(70) Dan 8,24.
(71) Exod 15,6; 1 Sam 2,9; Job 26,12; Hab 1,11; Dan 8,22.
(72) 1 Chr 29,12; 2 Chr 20,6; Mic 3,8.
(73) Dog as a rule is unmarked for gender (e.g. She prefers to have a dog rather than a
cat.). Howeven, when dog used as the opposite of bitch, it is marked for masculine gender
(e.g. We have two brown labradors, a dog and a bitch).
(74) Cases with this sense are near-synonyms of a similar sense that lyIj' may have.
(75) Ezr 2,69.
(76) Job 6,22 and Prov 5,10.
(77) Gen 4,12; Hos 7,9; Job 31,39.